Reading List Service

2021-08-28

I’m planning on making my reading queues publicly available, on this site. This is my worklog for that project.

Project Motivation

In the last while I’ve been trying to read more of the literature from my field: papers, posts, books. I’ve succeedd at the “reading more” part, but not in a very structured way- I’ve wound up with a bunch of annotated PDFs floating around various folders, without any useful metadata:

I also have some UX barriers to reading how I want to. I discover a lot of articles while on my phone, but it’s not my preferred reading surface. I have an e-reader that is pretty good for PDFs, but the “send-to” flow isn’t great- too many taps.

Finally, while I’m not very vocal on social media, I do find a lot of links there. If I’m reading something and think it’s good, I want to be able to pass it on. As I’m making this site a more primary presence on the web, it seems like this would be the place to share. (Yes - The Morning Paper did it first, and better!)

So that’s the outline:

Sketching and resources

I’m aware of The Morning Paper, though I didn’t read it while it was running and haven’t gone through the archives…yet.

The Web Share Target API looks like a way to get “share to $site” behavior. I’ve already started using Hugo for the site itself. Hugo allows for custom front matter on each page; that’s a low-effort “database” (shared keys). And might encourage me to write reviews, since each “entry” would indicate a file.

If I handle the taxonomy correctly Hugo might even generate index pages. Hm…

So a sketch:

Front matter:

After-front-matter: Body of the page is the review. Set the template to render .Content iff Reviewed date is present; otherwise, render only .Summary:

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<main>
{{ if gt .Params.reading.me.reviewed 0 -}}
{{ .Content }}
{{- else -}}
{{ .Summary }}
</main>

Getting started with web share target

Looking through the Web Share Target stuff…it seems like the bar for entry is pretty high. In order to be “installable”, according to this, the site must install a service worker - a client-side component that sits between the in-browser frame and the network. (I guess it’s a “controller” in the MVC sense?)

And a service worker can only be installed via HTTPS. A good restriction! But it will make local development a little harder. Luckily, web.dev has a guide to HTTPS for localhost; let’s start with that.

Dev server setup

The recommended option there, mkcert, comes to us from @FiloSottile of the Golang security team; not super likely it’s an exploit. Downloading and running sudo apt-get libnss3-tools && mkcert -install gets it installed within a container.

(For completeness: Because I’m working in a container, I copied the CA certificate - found by $(mkcert -CACERT)/rootCA.pem - out of the container and added it to the relevant browser. If my browser was from the same container as the shell, I think I wouldn’t need to do that step.)

Let’s hop into a new repository - https://github.com/cceckman/reading-list. I’ll make sure to not accidentally commit my localhost certificate by starting with the .gitignore file

**/*.pem

In the shell, we’ll generate certificates for localhost:

∵ mkcert localhost

Created a new certificate valid for the following names 📜
 - "localhost"

The certificate is at "./localhost.pem" and the key at "./localhost-key.pem" ✅

It will expire on 29 November 2023 🗓

∴ 0 reading-list:main…reading-list
∵

and use Golang to set up a basic HTTPS-capable webserver. For now, let’s just serve from disk, going from the net/http examples:

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package main

import (
	"log"
	"net/http"
)

func main() {
	http.Handle("/reading/admin/", http.StripPrefix("/reading/admin", http.FileServer(http.Dir(""))))
	log.Fatal(http.ListenAndServeTLS(":8080", "localhost.pem", "localhost-key.pem", nil))
}

Let’s give it something to serve and see if it works- a plain index.html file:

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<html>
  <head>
    <title>A web page</title>
  </head>
  <body>
    <p>Some content would be nice.</p>
  </body>
</html>

Back in the shell, start the server:

∵ go mod init github.com/cceckman/reading-list
go: creating new go.mod: module github.com/cceckman/reading-list
go: to add module requirements and sums:
        go mod tidy
∴ 0 reading-list:main…reading-list
∵ go run main.go

And we’re off:

Screenshot: address bar showing localhost:8080/reading/admin served via SSL; and the page reading “Some content would be nice.

Code so far: 2e38df

Manifesting a web app

OK; we have a webserver to hook into for development. Let’s get that web app.

We need a couple icons to meet the installability criteria; we can make them with ImageMagick:

∵ convert -size 192x192 xc:white icon-192.png
∴ 0 reading-list:main…reading-list
∵ convert -size 512x512 xc:white icon-512.png
∴ 0 reading-list:main…reading-list

We’ll keep the manifest minimal for now- just the parts required for install:

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{
  "name": "Reading List",
  "display": "standalone",
  "scope": "/reading/admin",
  "start_url": "",
  "icons": [
    {
      "src": "icon-192.png",
      "type": "image/png",
      "sizes": "192x192"
    },
    {
      "src": "icon-512.png",
      "type": "image/png",
      "sizes": "512x512"
    }
  ]
}

And we’ll need to update the HTML to point at it:

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<head>
  <title>Reading List Admin</title>
  <link rel="manifest" href="manifest.json" />
</head>

To see if it works, I opened up (again) https://localhost:8080/reading/admin in my web browser (Chrome). That doesn’t say much on its own, but Chrome’s developer tools1 have an “Application” tab that will help with debugging apps. In this case, they give only one warning:

Screenshot: Chrome developer tools, Application tab, showing one warning under “Installability”.

No matching service worker detected. You may need to reload the page, or check that the scope of the service worker for the current page encloses the scope and start URL from the manifest.

That’s what we expect at this point- we haven’t interacted with the server worker API at all.

A misstep elided

I’ll note that I made a few mistakes before getting to the file contents posted above. I had used rooted paths in a number of places- <link href="/manifest.json"> in the HTML, "src": "/icon-192.png" in the manifest. When a path starts with a /, the browser interprets it as relative to the host (localhost:8080)- so in this case, localhost:8080/reading/admin/ pointed to localhost:8080/manifest.json as the manifest.

The “Application” page in the developer tools told me about these issues; it tried to load the manifest but reported a parse error, since the contents were 404 not found. Similarly, the icons failed to load.

In both cases, removing the leading / from the path fixed the problem; in that case, the path is relative to the resource, e.g. relative to /reading/admin/.

I also got the scope and start_url a little wrong - using /reading/admin as the scope and / as the start URL. This is actually the same problem; the developer tools indicated that the start_url (/, which resolves to localhost:8080/) is not within the scope (/reading/admin, which resolves to localhost/reading/admin). Again, changing start_url to be relative (an empty path, "") fixed the issue.

Code so far: ac63aa

Service Worker

And now I need to understand service workers. Uh oh.

I did a little bit of Android development, Quite A While Ago. The app I worked on had two components: the “application”, with all of the menus, pages, etc; and the “service”, which ran n the background and kept a persistent network connection, even when the UI was closed. The “application” lifecycle was very much tied to user events: pressing the button in the launcher, navigating between pages, etc; the “service” lifecycle was decoupled, based on a different set of events and operations. At least in the app I worked on, the primary way the two halves communicated was by message-passing.

At a glance - the service worker architecture is similar. As normal, a web page can run JavaScript that interacts with the page contents (the DOM). That JavaScript gets on-click events, navigation events, etc. For “web apps”, that operation will likely include sending more requests to the server: “Save this email draft”, “get this folder’s contents”, etc.

Based on this handy MDN article: service workers provide a kind of background context in which to handle those requests-to-server. Once spun up, service workers can intercept requests for in their scope- and can serve those from a service-worker-managed cache and/or from the network.

Other observations:

My current working model: the service worker acts as an in-browser HTTP server for its scope. It can get all of the requests, and serve them locally - or proxy them to another server, possibly cacheing the results.

With all that in mind: This page has a not-really-minimal example of a service worker. I suspect we can do better for a basic example; let’s try.

We’ll need two JavaScript files: one to include2 from the main page that registers the service worker, and one for the service worker itself.

We’ll base the “app” on the MDN listing:

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if ("serviceWorker" in navigator) {
  navigator.serviceWorker
    .register("worker.js")
    .then((reg) => {
      console.log("Registration succeeded; got: ", reg.scope);
    })
    .catch((error) => {
      console.log("Registration failed: ", error);
    });
}

and add it in the HTML:

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  <link rel="manifest" href="manifest.json">
  <script src="app.js" async></script>
</head>

Then the challenge- what’s the minimal service worker that actually works?

To be installable, the worker must have a fetch handler. But we don’t want to cache anything - we just want to pass through to the network; so we don’t need to handle setup or activate.

I think that leaves us with a minimal service worker:

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// Meet the letter but not the spirit of "installable":
// register a fetch handler that "just" forwards to the network.
self.addEventListener("fetch", (event) => {
  console.log("Service Worker Fetch", event.request.url);
  event.respondWith(fetch(event.request));
});

That does seem to get the service worker running; it shows up in developer tools. But the Application page still reports the above error.

Let’s try the suggestions from the error message:

You may need to reload the page…

Several times; it doesn’t help.

.. or check that the scope of the service worker for the current page encloses the scope and start URL from the manifest.

Hm; Devtools reports the start URL as “”, which is accurate if not precise. What if we change it?

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  "scope": "/reading/admin",
  "start_url": "?pwa=true",
  "icons": [

That shows up in devtools:

Screenshot of Chrome dev tools Applicaton page. The “Start URL” field has a link with text “?pwa=true”

Ah, and with an interesting outcome! If I click on ?pwa=true, the browser sends us to https://localhost:8080/reading/admin/manifest.json?pwa=true - not where we want to wind up.

Let’s try a different start:

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  "scope": "/reading/admin",
  "start_url": "/reading/admin?pwa=true",
  "icons": [

Still no luck. Checking the console, I see:

Registration succeeded; got:  https://localhost:8080/reading/admin/

Huh - that ends with a slash, admin/, but our manifest does not. What if…

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  "scope": "/reading/admin/",
  "start_url": "/reading/admin/?pwa=true",
  "icons": [

Success! Note the “install” icon on the right edge of the address bar - and the lack of errors in the devtools pane.

Screenshot: a Chrome window for localhost:8080/reading/admin, with an “install” icon in the address bar.

Wow- that was not obvious. Clearly I need to read up on web paths- my intuitions about what things are / aren’t equivalent are off.

Finally - I’d hoped we would be able to take the slash away:

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if ('serviceWorker' in navigator) {
  navigator.serviceWorker.register('worker.js', { scope: "/reading/admin" })
    .then((reg) => {

but it appears that visiting /reading/admin triggers a 301 redirect to /reading/admin/ - I’m guessing as a property of Go’s handler rather than a specified canonicalization. That prevents us from registering in the “upper” scope, without the trailing slash; we can’t register /admin from its suffix /admin/ without using the service-worker-allowed header.

Something for us to keep in mind going forward, but not something I feel the need to fix now.

It’s worth noting that the above display reflects the Chrome browser in Chrome OS - where ~all apps are web apps of one sort or another. I’ll also need to test this on other OSes and browsers to see how it looks.

Code so far: [9ef67a]

Share target

Now that our target is “installable”, we can add a share_target stanza to the manifest. Given just the fields from that examle, the Application devtool pane complains:

Manifest: Enctype should be set to either application/x-www-form-urlencoded or multipart/form-data. It currently defaults to application/x-www-form-urlencoded

So we’ll include that in our manifest:

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  "share_target": {
    "action": "/reading/admin/new",
    "method": "GET",
    "enctype": "application/x-www-form-urlencoded",
    "params": {
      "title": "title",
      "text": "text",
      "url": "url"
    }
  }

and we’ll recognize that request specifically:

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package main

import (
	"log"
	"net/http"
)

func handleNew(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
	log.Printf("got share request: %+v", r)
	w.Write([]byte("share request logged"))
}

func main() {
	http.HandleFunc("/reading/admin/new", handleNew)

	http.Handle("/reading/admin/",
		http.StripPrefix("/reading/admin", http.FileServer(http.Dir(""))))

	log.Fatal(http.ListenAndServeTLS(":8080", "localhost.pem", "localhost-key.pem", nil))
}

OK; that works. I can install using the Chrome button; “Reading List Admin” shows up in my (Chrome OS) taskbar.

And when I hit “Share” on the Web Share Target page, I get:

Screenshot that needs description - TODO

If I click through, that has a bunch of associated data in the logs, as expected. Great!

Code so far: 0c77d8

The serving problem

Now we have to hit some tough questions: how will this actually get served?

With “Flexibility” in mind, we can at least derive some design points from this:

git-based persistence

A portable solution might be something like this: use Git for both “transient” and “permanent” state, but squash any “transient” changes into one “permanent” commit.

We might declare two branches of the same repository as “staged” and “live”.

These branchs could be on different remotes- e.g. with “staged” in a local filesystem for a self-hosted server, or with both on the same upstream (Github or whatever) for a managed server.

This example uses go-git to manipulate a repository in-memory. That’s almost what we want…but the key merge and rebase operations are missing as of this writing. Could we make do without? We’re only expecting “clean” merges - the equivalent of “apply all these”- so we don’t need the full merge functionality, just diff and apply. Alas, the latter is missing as well. With some work we would be able to reconstruct it from status (“what files are modified in the work tree”) and the diff library underlying go-git’s diff.Diff function…

…but at that point, we’re doing a lot of work to implement sync and flush on the same endpoint as add. Really, only the “add” endpoint has to obey HTTPS rules; in principle, we can send the rest of the requests anywhere. We could even make our “share” endoint “just” a redirect to a server served through some other mechanism.

Now there’s a thought! Provide web-app compatibility by serving an unauthenticated, HTTPS-protected redirect…to our Tailscale-reachable server, with local storage, shell-level git access, etc.

Let’s try it out, just redirecting to https://cceckman.com/reading-list with the same query parameters…

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package main

import (
	"log"
	"net/http"
	"net/url"
)

func handleNew(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
	queryParams := r.URL.Query()
	log.Printf("got share request: with query params: %+v", queryParams)

	newUrl := &url.URL{
		Scheme:   "https",
		Host:     "cceckman.com",
		Path:     "reading-list",
		RawQuery: queryParams.Encode(),
	}
	// Use 307 Temporary Redirect to preserve the method,
	// and so the client knows to re-check this page every time.
	http.Redirect(w, r, newUrl.String(), http.StatusTemporaryRedirect)
}

func main() {
	http.HandleFunc("/reading/admin/new", handleNew)

	http.Handle("/reading/admin/",
		http.StripPrefix("/reading/admin", http.FileServer(http.Dir(""))))

	log.Fatal(http.ListenAndServeTLS(":8080", "localhost.pem", "localhost-key.pem", nil))
}

Again, use the “share” button here and…

Within the &ldquo;Reading List&rdquo; application window, an HTTP 404 error from cceckman.com.

Within the “Reading List” application window, an HTTP 404 error from cceckman.com.

Success; this may be a viable strategy.

I’ll to incorporate those handlers / contents / manifest into my main website at cceckman.com, but will leave the web-appy bits in the reading-list repository for reference.

Code so far: 161ff3

App Engine mapping

I tried a couple ways to perform the mapping / setup. Eventually I settled on adding a new App Engine service, reading-list-redirect, to my existing project used for cceckman.com; set up reading.cceckman.com to point to the App Engine app; and created a dispatch.yaml file to route between them by domain name:

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dispatch:
  - url: "reading.cceckman.com/*"
    service: reading-list-redirect
  - url: "cceckman.com/*"
    service: default

In the reading-list repository, I added an app.yaml file for the web-app portion:

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---
service: reading-list-redirect
runtime: go116
env_variables:
  READING_LIST_SERVER: "http://localhost:8080"
handlers:
  # Method handlers: direct to script
  - url: /add
    script: auto
    secure: always
  - url: /.+
    static_dir: static
    secure: always
  - url: /$
    static_files: static/index.html
    secure: always
    upload: static

For actual delivery, I’ll replace READING_LIST_SERVER with something else- e.g. a Tailscale IP.

Code so far: b34699

The persistent server

From here, I’m going to diverge a bit. Assume READING_LIST_SERVER in app.yaml points to some other address, that is only accessible behind a login or a firewall; this means the “web app” at reading.cceckman.com will redirect to it on receiving a share request. (If you actually go to reading.cceckman.com, you may be able to find that address!)

From here on out, we’ll be describing the server that lives at that (redirect-target) address. We’ve implemented the hook to receive “share” events- now we’ll implement what to actually do with them.

Some thoughts:

Noting that the “advanced” of this would set up the web app as a true “app”: use the service worker to mux between the pages (served from some static content service) or a per-client configured backend. Then it’s cheap-to-free to host the web app, and everyone can have their own persistent server, without ever leaking “where” that server is (it’s only stored client-side). That’s more Javascript than I want to do at a first cut, though.

I tested https://reading.cceckman.com on my phone, and was able to get the “share-to” functionality working- just as described! So now we’re shooting for a minimum-viable-product: save shared links to local disk. That will let me close out some of my long-standing open tabs.

Data model

Eventually this is going to be a metadata block - the front matter of a Hugo page. I like using YAML for that, so we’ll be leaning on yaml.v2 for marshalling. We have three kinds of data in there:

We’ll want some structure that extracts these appropriately. I know I had some bit of code that did partial-YAML decoding, preserving unknown fields - I’ll have to find or reconstruct that. (I think it actually required yaml.v3…)

ParseFrontMatterAndContent is what reads the front matter back out of storage- what we’ll want when updating it. Unfortunately that comes back as a map[string]interface rather than e.g. []byte- which suggests the top level is decoded already, and we wouldn’t “just” be able to unmarshall by sending through the yaml package.

It seems this “front matter” format is common to Jekyll and possibly other renderers as well, so, alternatives:

So: setting that aside, what’s our data model? A first cut:

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package entry

import (
	"net/url"
	"time"
)

// Metadata for a reading-list entry.
type Entry struct {
	// Web source: how can this item be found on the internet?
	//
	// Note that this is optional to allow for e.g. "book source",
	// where the canonical reference may be an ISBN.
	WebSource *Source `yaml:"web-source,omitempty"`

	// Who wrote this work, and where can they be found?
	Author *Source `yaml:",omitempty"`

	// When this entry was moved from "in the queue" to "read".
	Read *time.Time `yaml:",omitempty"`
	// When commentary on this entry was made available.
	Reviewed *time.Time `yaml:",omitempty"`

	// Discovery data: how did I come across this item?
	// This may be rendered as "found via..."
	Discovery *Source `yaml:",omitempty"`
}

// Discovery / link metadata.
type Source struct {
	Text string
	Link *url.URL `yaml:",omitempty"`
}

// Hugo front matter, with a reading-list subobject.
type FrontMatter struct {
	// Title for the underlying work; also used as the page title.
	Title string

	// Metadata-based summary of the work.
	Summary string `yaml:",omitempty"`

	// Whether this item should remain a draft, i.e. not rendered.
	Draft bool

	// Time (date) at which this entry was enqueued in the reading list.
	Date time.Time `yaml:",omitempty"`
	// ReadingList metadata.
	ReadingList *Entry `yaml:"reading-list,omitempty"`

	// Any other key-value entries included in the front matter.
	Other map[string]interface{} `yaml:",inline"`
}

I’ll include some helpers and tests for these in the repository but will elide the listing here.

To split or not to split?

I looked at the code for ericaro/frontmatter and noticed it uses strings.Split to find the front-matter separator (\n---\n). Initially, this struck me as incorrect: what if a string within the front matter had that byte sequence? But when I tried to construct a test case, I realized that it should be sufficient to “just” find the first match of that pattern.

A review of the various multiline modes at https://yaml-multiline.info (great resource!) led me to conclude that it isn’t possible for a YAML document to have a string in a field containing the byte sequence \n---\n. Consider this document:

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example: |
    ---

The field example contains the value \n---\n, but that delimiter doesn’t actually show up in the source. The string field’s contents must be indented, which means the first byte (\n) will not be adjacent to the second (-) in the file contents - even if they are adjacent in the value of the string.

Comment-preserving transformation

As I reviewed how to use the YAML library, I recalled why I went with v3 over v2 in the previous project. The question I had was whether a program could safely edit a YAML file that was also human-consumable. (Not a good idea - but I wanted to see if it was possible.)

The v3 version includes a Node type that preserves the syntax tree - including comments- so you can do transformations to the text even while performing comments… if you’re very careful.

In this case, I’m not actually worried about comments - so a simple map[string]interface{} that is inline works.

Oh, CRUD

I spent a while today hacking together the “create” and “read” portions of the server. Some of it is the coded - YAML to FrontMatter and back - and shuffling those to disk; I’ve implemented EntryManager for this. The other part is the translation layer between HTTP methods (RESTful!) and the EntryManager.

I bet there’s a middleware / helper for this that I’m not aware of; something that takes an object storage:

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type StorageEngine interface {
  Create(http.Request) (key string, err error)
  Read(key string) (io.Reader, error)
  Update(http.Request, key string) error
  Delete(key string) error
}

and makes sure only valid HTTP requests reach it:

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func main() {
  // ...

  var entries StorageEngine
  entries = NewStorageEngine()
  http.Handle("/entries", MakeCRUD(entries))
  // POST /entries will Create, returning a key for /entries/<key>
  // GET, PUT, DELETE /entries/<key> will invoke the StorageEngine for that key
  // ...
}

As of this moment, I think I’ve plumbed through all the bits… but I apparently made a mistake in using the io/fs pacakge. It doesn’t actually support reads or writes. (I probably would have realized that if I’d gone ahead and written tests as well. See, this is why we write tests!)

This article suggests afero instead; I’ll want to go back and revamp with that in mind. But not tonight.

Code so far: fea41ad

Sharing on Windows; storage

I’ve mostly been developing this on Chrome OS, using the web.dev page to trigger the “Share” behavior. (It looks like there’s a flag to enable a desktop “share” button in Chrome, without the page itself triggering the action- I should go around and enable that!)

Today I was using a Windows machine, where (apparently) the share behavior is to open an OS dialog. Unfortunately Windows isn’t aware of my web-share-capable app, and so doesn’t offer an option.

For all the desktop / laptop platforms, it’s ~easy enough to copy-paste a link, as long as there’s a place to do so. So in 754ea5, I added a form to the web app main page; and tweaked it + the manifest so that they accomplish the same thing, a POST submission with a couple fields. Along with the storage changes (using afero) - it works! From submitting the form, I got a file:

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---
title: CCEckman
date: 2021-09-10T13:47:40.4134104-07:00
draft: true
reading-list:
  web-source:
    text: at cceckman.com
    url: http://cceckman.com

---

Packaging

To get this running anywhere other than the dev machine, we’ll want to do a little bit of packaging. I usually use the Debian Linux distribution, which means “a server” is most easily expressed as a systemd unit. We’ll set up the application and a .service file to run in that mode.

First thing’s first: we should set up the application so that we can inject the environmental factors, i.e. storage and port. There’s a lot written on flags vs. environment variables vs. configuration files; for this application, having flags only in main.go seems the simplest way to go.

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var (
	storage = flag.String("storage", "/var/lib/reading-list", "path to store pending items")
	listen  = flag.String("listen", "Port or address::port to listen on", "[::]:8080")
)

I’d initially thought /var/spool/reading-list would be the right place, per the Filesystem Hierarchy Standard; temporary entries are “data which is [sic] awaiting some kind of later processing”, namely a commit-and-push. However, the systemd configuration below doesn’t provide a spool path; in the interest of avoiding confusion I tweaked this to match.

Unit definition

This server needs a pretty small set of local privileges:

systemd has a number of ways to lock down a unit; the man page lists them all. In looking for some of them I found this article on the DynamicUser feature. This is a quite nice sandboxing technique- I like it a lot more than setting up users / directories via packaging.

This post has some more guidance, and points to the systemd-analyze command as a way to audit once the unit is running. We’ll use that once we get it started.

Code so far: 28db66

Debian package & release flow

I also have some redo rules from another project to wrap a Go binary as a .deb package, including building for multiple CPU architectures - useful, as I’m likely to run this on a Raspberry Pi at some point.

After porting them to this project, I realized I’ve been doing enough of this flow recently to want to “stamp it out” - cceckman/dpkg is my new template repository for this ~typical case, “build a binary, add a systemd unit, package it for Debian”. (And with automatic releasing via Github.)

Of course- this is a lot of lines of shell. Ultimately stealing from Tailscale’s example, I see nfpm as a less-shell-heavy way of generating ~the same structure. But the current formula seems to work, so I’ll stick to it for now.

Code so far: 2560ca

Targeting

Above, I mentioned tweaking the web-app component so that it can have a client-side-configurable server. That would make the “app” part generic to any hostname; targeting to a dev server or a “real” server is just a question of client-side configuration.

I spent some time poking at service workers today to make that happen. I got a lot from the MDN articles on service workers, as well as a couple of snippets from this post on communication.

I’m not too handy with Javascript and didn’t want to add the infrastructure for a TypeScript build, so the code is fairly rough. (Almost C-like - many raw functions.) There were a few “gotchas” that some Googling resolved.

The most surprising - which I’ll have to remember for the future - is the for...in vs. for...of syntax. for...in iterates over “properties”- in the case of an Array, that means “indices”. for...of iterates over “contained objects” - in the case of an Array, the actual objects in the array rather than their indices.

Trying to route this way also required updating the layout so that “/add” is not a separate endpoint on the server side. I used this MDN guide and associated documentation to wire up the “add” form to JS - so on the back-end we’re still sending POST to /entries.

Of course, this means we wind up in the difficult situation of trying to violate Cross-Origin Resource Sharing:

Rerouting to configured server localhost:8080 Request {method: "POST", url: "http://localhost:8080/entries", headers: Headers, destination: "", referrer: "about:client", …}
Access to fetch at 'http://localhost:8080/entries' from origin 'http://localhost:8081' has been blocked by CORS policy: No 'Access-Control-Allow-Origin' header is present on the requested resource. If an opaque response serves your needs, set the request's mode to 'no-cors' to fetch the resource with CORS disabled.

Our service worker is scoped to localhost:8081, but we’re pointing to to make POST requests to some arbitrary other server (in this case, localhost:8080). It looks like this should fall under the “simple request” CORS policy; that is, the browser will “just” make the POST request to localhost:8081.

The developer console indicates that the request is made, with Origin: http://localhost:8080 (just like MDN says). This allows the server - our reading-list server, at :8081 - to restrict access (e.g. deny the request) if the origin doesn’t match supported origins. (This only helps, of course, if the server trusts the browser’s origin reporting- it’s useful for preventing phishing and the like, though it’s not an end-to-end credentialing.)

Our server doesn’t pay any attention to Origin; more pertiently, it doesn’t provide Access-Control-Allow-Origin. While the browser does get a response, it “witholds” it from the web app - the :8081 scope - because :8080 didn’t give :8081 permission to look at the contents.

The nice solution here would be to put them in the same domain - but again, that would hit the HTTPS restriction. Adding Access-Control-Allow-Origin to the reading-list server is the option that lets us get around both of these.

After handling that - and various futzing around with Promise chaining in JS - it seems to work as of c41e8c.

  1. You can open developer tools using Ctrl+Shift+I on Windows or Linux, Cmd+Shift+I on Macs - or using the menu, “More tools > Developer tools”. ↩︎

  2. We could have fewer files by putting the registration inline in the HTML file. If I understand correctly, though, we’ll want it install on every page - so we’ll want to include it on multiple pages. Also, keeping the JavaScript in a JavaScript file just seems cleaner. ↩︎